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<title>Database caching</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Database caching</span></span>

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<p><b>Database caching</b> is a process included in the design of computer applications which generate web pages on-demand (dynamically) by accessing backend databases.

</p><p>When these applications are deployed on multi-tier environments that involve browser-based clients, web application servers and backend databases,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dbcache_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbcache-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> middle-tier database caching is used to achieve high scalability and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-dbcache_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbcache-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a <a href="Three_tier_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Three tier architecture">three tier architecture</a>, the <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> tier and <a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage</a> tier can be in different hosts. Throughput of an application can be limited by the <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> speed. This limitation can be minimized by having the <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> at the application tier. Because commercial database software makes extensive use of system resources, it is not always practical to have the application and the <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> at the same host. In this case, a more light-weight database application can be used to cache data from the commercial <a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management system</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div>

<p>Database caching improves scalability by distributing query workload from backend to multiple cheap front-end systems. It allows flexibility in the processing of data; for example, the data of Platinum customers can be cached while that of ordinary customers are not. Caching can improve availability of data, by providing continued service for applications that depend only on cached tables even if the backend server is unavailable. Another benefit is improved data access speeds brought about by locality of data and smoothing out load peaks by avoiding round-trips between middle-tier and data-tier.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_design_elements">Potential design elements</h2></div>

<ul><li>Updateable cache tables: Many cache systems are read-only which limits their usage to small segment of the applications, non-real time applications.</li>

<li>Bi-Directional updates: For updateable caches, updates, which happen in cache, should be propagated to the target database and any updates that happen directly on the target database should come to cache automatically.</li>

<li>Synchronous and asynchronous update propagation: The updates on cache table shall be propagated to target database in two modes. Synchronous mode makes sure that after the database operation completes the updates are applied at the target database as well. In case of Asynchronous mode the updates are delayed to the target database. Synchronous mode gives high cache consistency and is suited for real time applications. Asynchronous mode gives high throughput and is suited for near real time applications.</li>

<li>Multiple cache granularity - Database level, Table level and Result-set caching: Major portions of corporate databases are historical and infrequently accessed. But, there is some information that should be instantly accessible like premium customer's data, etc.</li>

<li>Recovery for cached tables: In case of system or power failure, during the restart of caching platform all the committed transactions on the cached tables should be recovered.</li>

<li>Tools to validate the coherence of cache: In case of asynchronous mode of update propagation, cache at different cache nodes and target database may diverge. This needs to be resolved manually, with mismatches identified and corrective measures taken if required.</li>

<li>Horizontally scalable: <a href="Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">Cluster computing</a> may increase availability and achieve load balancing. Caching in a clustered environment spans multiple nodes, keeping the cached data coherent across nodes.</li>

<li>Transparent access to non-cached tables reside in target database: Database cache should keep track of queries and should be able to intelligently route to the database cache or to the origin database based on the data locality without any <a href="Application_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Application code">application code</a> modification.</li>

<li>Transparent Fail over: There should not be any service outages in case of caching platform failure. Client connections should be routed to the target database.</li>

<li>No or very few changes to application: Support for standard interfaces JDBC, ODBC etc. that will make the application to work seamlessly without any application code changes. It should route all stored procedure calls to target database so that they don't need to be migrated.</li>

<li>Implement a specialized internal cache: Performance-oriented databases such as <a href="ScyllaDB" title="ScyllaDB">ScyllaDB</a> completely bypass the <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> cache during reads and use a row-based integrated internal cache instead.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pitfalls_in_implementations">Pitfalls in implementations</h2></div>

<ul><li>Cache walking on deletes or invalidation events: Cache designs that leverage external cache engines such as <a href="Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a> or <a href="Hazelcast" title="Hazelcast">Hazelcast</a> will often trigger invalidation by issuing deletions against the invalidated objects. This could result in a single write operation triggering thousands of deletes, impacting performance.</li>

<li>Lack of key tracking: Again, if using an external cache engine, any request will often trigger a key lookup at the cache layer. If this is a miss, it can trigger an extra RTT, adding to the overall latency of requests. Engines such as <a href="Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a> and <a href="Hazelcast" title="Hazelcast">Hazelcast</a> provide for key change notification support however, allowing local cache layers to be updated when keys are changed in a remote cache layer. By tracking these keys locally, remote lookups on a cache miss can be avoided, preventing a cache hit penalty.</li>

<li>Invalidation as an instant event, not a time range: When a table is to be changed as part of a transaction, the SQL mode can impact if a query on another connection should see the changes or not. As such, while a transaction hasn't yet been committed or rolled back, any change against a table during the transaction should trigger the table to be considered volatile until the transaction is completed. Often, cache engines will only invalidate a result before or after the query is executed.</li>

<li>Distributed caches w/ lack of communication: If a cache design is using an underlying storage layer, when used as a distributed cache, invalidations are done locally, based on what tables are written to at a given time. Unfortunately, other nodes may have written cache objects for the same table, and these objects won't be invalidated. When used for local session data with upstream client persistence, this may be acceptable, but for shared data that needs to maintain consistency across sessions, this can cause data consistency problems.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLarsonGoldstein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Larson, Per-åke; Goldstein, Jonathan (2004). "MTCache: Transparent mid-tier database caching". <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.95.875">10.1.1.95.875</a></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-dbcache-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dbcache_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dbcache_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAltinelLuoKrishnamurthyMohan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Altinel, Mehmet; Luo, Qiong; Krishnamurthy, Sailesh; Mohan, C.; Pirahesh, Hamid; Lindsay, Bruce G.; Woo, Honguk; Brown, Larry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.ust.hk/catalac/papers/dbcache_demo_sigmod02.pdf">"DBCache: Database Caching For Web Application Servers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.104.8991">10.1.1.104.8991</a></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Middle-tier Database Caching for e-Business". <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.140.8455">10.1.1.140.8455</a></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewstack.io/why-databases-should-bypass-the-linux-page-cache/">"Why Databases Should Bypass the Linux Page Cache"</a>. 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~naughton/includes/papers/middleTier.pdf">Middle-Tier Database Caching for e-Business</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Database#Major_database_usage_requirements" title="Database">Requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_theory" title="Database theory">Theory</a></li>

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<li><a href="Database_application" title="Database application">Application</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_connection" title="Database connection">Connection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Datasource" title="Datasource">datasource</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Synonym_(database)" title="Synonym (database)">Synonym</a></li>

<li>Types</li>

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<ul><li><a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Information_retrieval_query_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Information retrieval query language">information retrieval</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Database_activity_monitoring" title="Database activity monitoring">Activity monitoring</a></li>

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<li><a href="Negative_database" title="Negative database">Negative database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entities and relationships</a> (and <a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">Enhanced</a> notation)</li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Normalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_refactoring" title="Database refactoring">Refactoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinality_(data_modeling)" title="Cardinality (data modeling)">Cardinality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_abstraction_layer" title="Database abstraction layer">Abstraction layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">Object–relational mapping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_virtualization" title="Database virtualization">Virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_tuning" title="Database tuning">Tuning</a>

<li><a href="Data_migration#Database_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Database integrity">Integrity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_databases" title="Lists of databases">Lists of</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">Biodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">Facial expression</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_databases" title="List of online databases">Online</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_music_databases" title="List of online music databases">Online music</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_online_real_estate_databases" title="List of online real estate databases">Online real estate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database-centric_architecture" title="Database-centric architecture">Database-centric architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_database" title="Intelligent database">Intelligent database</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-phase_locking" title="Two-phase locking">Two-phase locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Locks_with_ordered_sharing" title="Locks with ordered sharing">Locks with ordered sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_publishing" title="Database publishing">Publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Halloween_Problem" title="Halloween Problem">Halloween Problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_shipping" title="Log shipping">Log shipping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</b> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Database_caching&oldid=1255585699">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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